GROpinion
[OPINION] Nigeria’s Federal System And Potential For Collaboration And Partnerships


By Gov. Kayode Fayemi
Nigeria’s founding fathers bequeathed the country with a federalist system which has a number of positive features that can potentially support a development agenda.
The fiscal reserve belongs to both the Federal and sub-national governments. States operate a high degree of decentralized autonomy which is essential for development and fiscal stability.
The adoption of the federal form of government was borne out of the reflection of a cultural heterogenity that characterised the regions of Nigeria.
Although the evolution of intergovernment relationships between the federal and State governments has occurred in fits and starts, partly due to the unitarist impulses of military rule but the democratization process since 1999 has problematized these unitarist impulses and brought them into sharper focus – leading to louder agitation for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the sub-nationals.
More than at any other time, most thought leaders believe federalism contributes significantly to innovation in state, local and national government alike.
As State governments, we recognize the importance of improving our collaboration with the Federal Government to ensure an aligned national agenda.
These collaborations include regional collaboration among states within the same geo political areas, a national collaboration among all states coordinated by the Nigeria Governors Forum and stronger collaboration between states and the Federal Government.
Even at that, unlike other federal systems, Nigeria is still operating below its potential and will need to consider a new deal on the most efficient system of fiscal federalism given past experiences.
There are those who argue that development and inter-governmental fiscal relations in the country would appear to be gradually moving towards greater centralisation.
Finding the right balance between centralised policy formulation and implementation and state autonomy in public service provisioning and its financing is the main issue to resolve through informed collaboration and partnership.
While these limitations have often been adressed through the generosity of the sitting President or lack of it, or through compromises and special fiscal facilities like the Universal Basic Education (UBE) Fund and the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) that seek to provide incentives to raise sub-national capacity in related areas, what we really need is an institutional mechanism that is not mediated by partisan vagaries or the whim of the President.
The weaknesses of the current federal-state relations is evident particularly in education, health, infrastructure and law enforcement where the value chain of service delivery is spread across different tiers of government both horizontally and vertically.
A new deal on federalism is required to address Nigeria’s slow development progress.
Unlike the more insulated federal government, States and local governments face increasingly ‘challenging problems’ which cannot be brushed aside.
States who remain at the grassroots are expected to provide tangible results to meet the immediate concerns of their citizens.
The visibility of challenges at the state and local level, and the expectation for immediate action from the government places a heavy burden on state and local governments for timely action.
A better balance, one in which the federal government has less steerage over activities meant for States and States have more financing autonomy and increased responsibility will likely improve the development outcomes of the country.
Policy development may be national in scope with inputs from all levels of government, but it is mainly sub-nationals that the buck of implementation fall on – they experience first-hand the bearing of inequality, declining livelihoods and rising poverty, state fragility, conflict, climate change and the protracted humanitarian crises.
Law enforcement services and community safety are good examples of state and local problems that require immediate tangible results but fall within central control. Unfortunately, the current system has led to blame games and sidestepping of responsibility.
The review of the fiscal federalism framework in terms of the spending and tax responsibilities of each tier of government and the revenue sharing formula across the three tiers of government may be a necessary condition to rebalance the country’s federalist structure with its development agenda.
This emphasizes the call for devolution of more powers to sub-national governments where they are at the forefront of implementation.
For a start, federal action should be limited to those duties and powers delegated to the federal government under the Constitution.
Reducing and simplifying the scope of conditionalities for federal grants will also cut red tapes and give states more flexible and transparent allocation of funds.
For example, we at the NGF have proposed that reviewing the law undergirding the Universal Basic Education programme and the Basic Healthcare Provision Fund partnership with States from a counterpart funded programme to a Programme for Results approach, will shift the requirements to access the federally managed funds from an ability to match Federal Governments contribution to a reward for meeting agreed milestones in basic education and primary health.
The huge delay in accessing those funds will also be addressed in a transparent manner. As states, it is best to provide Federal Government with on-the-ground guidance on how to deliver better solutions to our people rather than promote unequal development through federal programmes that have not been well thought-through.
This is not to suggest a usurpation of federal powers by states. Indeed, state governments recognize the place of the Federal Government. We also recognize the importance of collaboration and partnership with the Federal Government. The federal government plays an important role in protecting the basic rights of all citizens in the country especially those beyond the capacity of States .
However, there are problems that are best suited for States. In many cases, the federal government is required to drive a national agenda or policy formulation, but implementation activities are best suited for States.
In our view, there are lessons to be learned from the experience of other federal systems, namely that:
• The sustainability of State governments impacts on the credibility of the central government.
• Recognition of the constituent mechanisms, such as the duty to consult with sub-national governments through specific forums is important. Although the National Economic Council provides a statutory vehicle for such consultations now, that is still heavily dependent on the readiness of the sitting government to allow NEC to function to the full extent of the constitutional provision.
• Effective federal-State relations maintains the balance between unity and diversity.
In conclusion, we have a few suggestions that can serve as guiding principles for improved collaboration in Federal-State relations:
To ensure the proper balance between state and federal action and to promote a strong and cooperative state-federal relationship, we at the NGF encourage federal officials to adhere to the following guidelines when developing laws and regulations.
- Federal forbearance and federal action should be limited to problems that are truly national in scope – and in recognition of each State’s capacity and ability.
- Avoid federal preemption of state laws and policies. Governors recognize the need for federal intervention should states fail to act collectively on issues of legitimate concern.
- The federal government should not enact any legislation or adopt any regulation that would preempt, either directly or indirectly, sources of state revenues, state tax bases, or state taxation methods.
- State standards should be preserved. For example, registration of births and deaths is a function of the local authorities. Why should National Population Commission duplicate efforts when they can assist LGAs in performing the function more efficiently.
- Avoid imposing unfunded federal mandates. What I once referred to as the tyranny of unfunded mandates. Many federal establishments in states are often starved of funds and often wholly depend on states for the exercise of their responsibilities. Federal action increasingly has relied on states to carry out policy initiatives without providing necessary funding to pay for these programmes.
- To provide maximum flexibility and opportunity for innovation, as well as foster administrative efficiency and cross-program coordination, the federal government should respect the authority of states to determine the allocation of administrative and financial responsibilities within states in accordance with state’s legislations and statutes
- Federal assistance funds should flow to states according to state laws and procedures.
- At all times, Federal officials should endeavour to consult states on ministerial budgets and projects that impact particular states and the NGF is ready to help coordinate this. We should avoid situations where Federal officials turn up in states to execute projects that states are unaware of. It often leads to avoidable bickering.
Consultation leads to better collaboration and positive development. Two examples suffice here. The collaboration of states with the Minister of Communications and Digital Economy on Right of Way fees in the quest for improved broadband penetration has seen a dramatic rise in broadband penetration and the collaboration with Minister for Women Affairs on confronting Gender Based Violence has not only seen more states declaring a state of emergency on gender based violence but has also led to more states working on giving assent to VAPP Act and Child Rights Act. - Engage in joint long term national development planning. ERGP was, for example, largely federal with limited inputs from states but the new National Development Plan – Agenda 2050 has taken into account the relevance of sub-nationals in development planning. After all, we are talking about the same country and a single economy.
- Finally, managing citizens expectations should be enhanced by collaboration between FG and states. After all, we can only do development with our people, not for them.
The NGF is always ready to work in collaboration with the FG and we must thank President Buhari for his constant readiness to work with us in the quest towards a national development agenda.
GROpinion
Guarding Democracy Beyond Sensationalism: Why the Resolutions of the Lagos State House of Assembly Should not be Politicized
By Olayiwola Rasheed Emmanuel


The Lagos State House of Assembly, under the firm leadership of Rt. Hon. (Dr.) Mudashiru Ajayi Obasa, once again lived up to its constitutional responsibility on Tuesday, September 16, 2025, when it raised concerns over the worrying practice of political appointees assuming office without legislative confirmation.
To discerning minds, this was no political storm. It was not a rift, neither was it a quarrel between the Executive and the Legislature.
It was, in fact, the Lagos State Legislature performing its core duty under the Nigerian Constitution. Yet, to the surprise of many citizens, some online bloggers hurriedly framed the development with sensational captions such as “Political Storms Rage Again in Lagos State” or “Obasa Sets for Another Showdown with Sanwo-Olu.”
Such misleading framing does more harm than good. It distracts citizens from the essence of governance and creates an illusion of conflict where none exists. Worse still, it undermines the confidence of the people in their democratic institutions by peddling half-truths.
The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended) is unequivocal on the requirement for legislative confirmation at the State level:
Section 192(2): “Any appointment to the office of Commissioner of the Government of a State shall, if the nomination of any person to such office is confirmed by the House of Assembly of the State, be made by the Governor of that State.”
Section 196(2): “The Governor shall appoint the Secretary to the Government of the State, Head of the Civil Service of the State, and Commissioners with the confirmation of the House of Assembly of the State.”
Section 126(2): “The Auditor-General for a State shall be appointed by the Governor of the State on the recommendation of the State Civil Service Commission, subject to confirmation by the House of Assembly of the State.”
Section 4(7): further empowers a State House of Assembly to make laws for the peace, order, and good governance of the State.
Section 128(2)(b): authorizes the House to “expose corruption, inefficiency, or waste in the execution or administration of laws within its legislative competence.”
Therefore, when the Lagos State House of Assembly insists that appointees must appear before it for confirmation, it is not engaging in political grandstanding. It is simply upholding the Constitution and safeguarding accountability.
So, one must ask:
Why should political meanings be hastily read into every resolution of the Lagos State House of Assembly whenever it discharges its lawful duties?
Why do certain online media outlets thrive on creating unnecessary friction between the Executive and Legislature; two arms of government that are, in fact, partners in governance under the doctrine of separation of powers?
Should the pursuit of online traffic and sensational headlines come at the expense of truth, clarity, and democratic education?
It is reckless and irresponsible journalism to reduce constitutional duties to mere political theatrics. When that happens, the media ceases to inform and instead begins to mislead, thereby weakening the public’s trust in institutions that exist to protect them.
It is no secret that across Nigeria’s thirty-six (36) States, most State Assemblies are considered mere extensions of the Executive. They lack independence, autonomy, and courage. Lagos State, however, stands tall as a remarkable exception, a Legislature with what can rightly be called “the uncommon standard.”
Are Lagosians not proud that their Legislature is not a puppet of the Executive?
Would citizens prefer a rubber-stamp Assembly that shirks its constitutional duty simply to avoid headlines of supposed “political rifts”?
Or is the discomfort, in reality, with the Speaker himself, a leader who deeply understands legislative business and boldly asserts the powers given to the Legislature by the Constitution?
Dr. Mudashiru Obasa is not just another politician; he is an inimitable legislative phenomenon. Experience, after all, counts in politics. As the saying goes: “The older the wine, the sweeter it becomes.”
From his days as a Councillor in 1999, to becoming a Member of the Lagos State House of Assembly in 2003, and serving continuously since then, Obasa has built a reputation as one of Nigeria’s most enduring lawmakers. His leadership has seen him serve as Speaker for three consecutive terms, a feat few can match, while also held the position of Chairman, Conference of Speakers of State Legislatures in Nigeria.
Under his stewardship, the Lagos State House of Assembly has not only maintained its autonomy but has also risen to a global pedestal. Legislatures from other Nigerian States routinely come to Lagos to learn best practices. Parliaments from across Africa and beyond have sought collaboration, recognizing Lagos as a shining model of legislative independence.
This pedigree explains why Dr. Obasa is able to interpret legislative proceedings and exercise institutional powers with precision. It is not arrogance. It is experience, competence, and mastery of democratic governance.
To permanently address misinterpretations and enlighten citizens and journalists on democratic processes, I urge the Lagos State House of Assembly, under the leadership of Rt. Hon. (Dr.) Mudashiru Ajayi Obasa, to sponsor a bill establishing an Institute of Democratic Governance.
If Lagos becomes the first State in Nigeria to create such an institute, it will solidify its leadership in democratic innovation. The institute would serve as a training ground for public officers, journalists, civil society groups, and ordinary citizens. It would also deepen public understanding of separation of powers, legislative authority, and accountability.
Such an institute would be a lasting legacy, reducing sensationalism, enhancing civic education, and ensuring Lagosians appreciate the true workings of democracy.
The Lagos State House of Assembly has neither exceeded its powers nor acted contrary to law by insisting on legislative confirmation of political appointees. On the contrary, it has fulfilled its sacred mandate.
The Legislature is not an enemy of the Executive; it is a constitutional partner. The Speaker and members of the House deserve commendation for defending the rule of law, not condemnation through misleading headlines.
As citizens, we should applaud a Legislature that sets the standard for accountability across Nigeria. After all, a democracy where Legislatures are weak is a democracy perpetually at risk.
Rt. Hon. (Dr.) Mudashiru Ajayi Obasa stands today as a testament to legislative excellence, a leader who has placed Lagos on the global map of democratic governance. His legacy, like fine wine, only grows richer with time.
*Olayiwola Rasheed Emmanuel is an Engineer, Poet, Journalist, Broadcaster, PR Strategist, Prolific Writer, and Politician. He was the Former Special Adviser on Environment, Information, and Civic Engagement to the immediate past Chairman of Agege Local Government.
GROpinion
HID Awolowo – Ten Years After, The Matriarch Who Defined a Generation
BY Sir Folu Olamiti FNGE


Ten years after her passing, the name Hannah Idowu Dideolu Awolowo still evokes images of grace, grit, and quiet power.
Known affectionately as HID, she was more than the wife of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, the legendary nationalist and statesman.
She was a formidable figure in her own right, a trader-turned-industrialist, a strategist, a political bridge-builder, and the steady compass that kept one of Nigeria’s most consequential political movements from capsizing in stormy waters.
This is not merely a story of a dutiful wife, it is a story of a woman who used her own agency to help rewrite Nigeria’s history. She was a heroin
Born on November 25, 1915, in the quiet town of Ikenne-Remo, Ogun State, HID was the only surviving child of her parents, a pattern that traced back through generations and perhaps shaped the tenacity that defined her life.
Her early years were spent between classrooms and market stalls, learning arithmetic by day and shadowing her mother on trading trips by dusk.
These formative experiences did more than put food on the table, they equipped her with commercial savvy that would later fund political revolutions.
She met a young Obafemi Awolowo in the late 1930s in Ibadan. Their courtship carried out through carefully written love letters culminated in a modest wedding in 1937. From the very beginning, their partnership was built on shared ambition and mutual sacrifice.
She set aside her own career dreams to support his, embracing the role of homemaker and back-room strategist while he pursued law studies in London.
When Awolowo left for England in 1944, he entrusted HID with £20 for family upkeep. In an act that would later become family legend, she ignored his instruction not to trade and invested the entire sum in foodstuffs.
The profits not only sustained the family but also allowed her to send remittances to her husband, funds that kept him afloat as a struggling student.
Upon his return, HID expanded her trading ventures into full-fledged enterprises, Dideolu Stores, Ligu Distribution Services, and distributorships for tobacco and brewery products.
These businesses were far from ornamental, they were profit-spinning ventures that underwrote Awolowo’s political campaigns and financed the founding of The Nigerian Tribune in 1949.
By the 1960s, HID had become one of the most successful female industrialists of her time, combining sharp business instincts with frugal discipline.
HID’s real test came during Nigeria’s most turbulent political years. When Awolowo was jailed in 1962 on treason charges, HID became the unflinching face of the Awolowo political dynasty. She attended court sessions religiously, delivered meals to her husband in prison, managed the family businesses, and kept the Action Group’s political machinery running despite state harassment.
Her courage was not merely symbolic. She stood on podiums across the Western Region, broom in hand, rallying supporters to “sweep away the dirt” of misrule. In 1964, she even contested an election in her husband’s stead, demonstrating that her political credentials were not honorary but earned.
Tragedy deepened her burdens when their first son, Segun, one of his father’s legal defenders died in a car crash. Yet she refused to retreat into private grief.
Instead, she became even more committed to the causes she and her husband shared, education, social welfare, and good governance.
Those who encountered HID often spoke of her poise and faith. She was calm yet firm, deeply religious yet pragmatic, and fiercely loyal to her family. Awolowo famously attributed his success to three things, “the Grace of God, Spartan self-discipline, and a good wife.” That wife would go on to hold chieftaincy titles including Yeye Oba of Ile-Ife and the custom-created Yeye Oodua, a recognition of her status as mother figure to the Yoruba nation.
Even after Awolowo’s death in 1987, HID continued to chair the Nigerian Tribune and serve as the anchor of the Awolowo Foundation, ensuring that her husband’s legacy of progressive politics was preserved for future generations.
On September 19, 2015, HID passed away just weeks before her 100th birthday. Her burial in Ikenne drew presidents, governors, monarchs, and ordinary Nigerians who saw in her a symbol of integrity and resilience. The celebrations were not just of a life well-lived but of a life that continues to inspire.
Her legacy endures through the HID Awolowo Foundation, which promotes women’s empowerment and entrepreneurship, and through the generations of leaders she mentored and inspired, including her grandson-in-law, Vice President Yemi Osinbajo.
A decade later, HID Awolowo’s story remains strikingly relevant. At a time when many lament the shrinking space for principled leadership and women’s participation in public life, her example offers hope. She proved that one could be a wife, a mother, a business mogul, and a political force without compromising integrity.
Her life challenges today’s generation to embrace resilience over resignation, enterprise over dependency, and courage over complacency.
HID’s quiet power was not in loud rhetoric but in unwavering consistency, an attribute Nigeria’s political class could learn from.
Chief (Mrs.) HID Awolowo was more than a historical figure, she was a living institution. Her nearly 100 years on earth bridged pre-colonial, colonial, and post-independence Nigeria, making her a witness and participant in the making of the nation.
Ten years after her transition, she remains, in the words of Harvard scholar Prof. J.K. Olupona, “the archetypal mother who guided the collective lived experience of the Yoruba nation.”
Her story is not just about the past, it is a roadmap for the future for every Nigerian woman who dares to dream, for every leader who seeks to govern with vision, and for every citizen who longs for a nation built on courage, discipline, and faith.


A few weeks to his inauguration as governor of Enugu state on May 29 2023, I had my first meeting with Peter Mbah along with a few other colleague media personalities.
The meeting, which was at the instance of my good friend, brother and perhaps one of Nigeria’s best media relations guru, Uche Anichukwu, held at the Abuja Transcorp Hilton.
Present at the meeting was also my good friend Ifeanyi Ossai, then deputy governor-elect of Enugu state. For many years,
I have been deeply connected to the political leadership of Enugu state to the extent that the state has become my second ‘’state of origin’’. And in these years, I have come to appreciate a leadership value system that is firmly hinged on a deep connection between the political leaders and the people of Enugu state.
In my close interaction with leading lights of Enugu state such as former Governor Ifeanyi Uguwanyi, former Deputy Senate President Ike Ekwerenmadu, former house of representative members Patrick Asadu and Toby Okechukwu among many others, I have come to the realization that if there is one state in Nigeria where democracy is truly work in progress then it is my second home state.
But throughout my years of involvement in Enugu affairs, I never met Peter Mbah, who by then was busy carving a niche in the ecosystem of Nigeria’s organized private as a leading player in the oil and gas industry as the chairman of Pinnacle until the Abuja meeting.
At the meeting, Peter Ndubuisi Mbah, a lawyer, business man and politician who previously served as chief of staff in the administration of former governor Chimaroke Nnamani, in a very calm, composed and stoic mien, took us through his vision for the state.
In fact, he reiterated his campaign promises including the creation of a 30billion dollar economy, resuscitation of urban water supply, ending sit at home, upgrading of health facilities and most importantly the building of smart schools to usher Enugu children into a future that is today.
Listening keenly to this gentleman, I saw a serous minded man who means the business of governance.
Satisfied that Peter Mbah knew exactly what he wanted to do as governor, I decided to quip in a little suggestion on the need for him to run a government that should be inclusive of all Nigerians resident in the state irrespective of ethnicity and religion, especially given the fact that Enugu was the former regional capital of the old Eastern Region.
I specifically made this suggestion to the incoming governor, because of the widespread perception that the Igbo people of Nigeria are not accommodating of other groups as they are accommodated outside their eastern heartland home region and this issue is often weaponized against individual politicians seeking the highest office in the land from one of Nigeria’s most important sections.
As I made this appeal, Governor Peter Mbah, an otherwise straight-faced man with an expressionless mien, let out a smile of appreciation without saying a word. Little did I know that I was preaching Catholicism to the Bishop of Rome.
The recent controversy surrounding the abandonment of a multi-billion naira contract for the construction of Governor Mbah’s smart schools across the state, which was awarded to Olasijibomi Ogundele, a Lagos based Yoruba property developer has clearly revealed Peter Mbah as a detribalized pan Nigerian nationalist who is leading and living out the vision of the Great Zik of Africa of one united Nigerian nation of citizens away from a fractured country of disunited tribesmen.
After all it all began in 1952, when Nnamdi Azikiwe’s NCNC party threw up Mallam Umaru Altine, a Hausa speaking Muslim from northern Nigeria, who was resident in Enugu city as the Mayor of the regional capital of the Nigeria’s Igbo homeland; a feat in national integration that has remained a reference point in national unity for more than half a century.
This commentary is not about the business dispute between Brethren Olasijibomi Ogundele and Enugu state government but more about the fact that Governor Peter Mbah has shattered the myth or if you like the fallacy and falsehood about Ndigbo not being accommodating of others as they want others to accommodate them.
By entrusting some of his most important project in the hands of ‘’others’’ Governor Mbah’s action has clearly vindicated the Igbo people of Nigeria and rebranded their image as a people who truly believe in the philosophy of ‘’Nwanne di na Mbah’’ [a brethren can be found in foreign land].
Interestingly, Olasijibomi Ogundele is not the first and only beneficiary of Enugu state government patronage within the context of this commentary.
Recently, the Governor commissioned five ultra-modern bus terminals in Enugu state as part of his administration’s transportation master plan to provide affordable and seamless interconnectivity across the state’s major towns and city centre. Four of those terminals were constructed by Planets Projects; a Lagos based construction whose major promoter is Eng Biodun Otunola.
The modern Oshodi Bus terminal in Lagos was constructed by this firm. Similarly, the multi-billion naira Enugu state Command and Control Centre, which is reported to be the biggest in Nigeria with AI-enabled surveillance cameras across the state vide fibre optic cables, was built by Hajaraisan Nig LTD.
The Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the company is Aminu Uba Miko, an indigene of Kano state, while Ibrahim Shehu from Jigawa state was engaged to develop the Enugu State Vehicles’ Identification System Software.
And XEJET, the operator of the recently launched Enugu Enugu Air; an Enugu state owned airline was founded by Emmanuel Izah from Kogi state.
The good thing about these engagements is that they were competitively bided for but the Yoruba or Hausa ethnicities of Enugu state government’s preferred bidders did not limit or diminish their chances of winning the contract in Peter Mbah’s Enugu.
Just as Planets Project has a track record in transport infrastructure construction and management, so does Olasijibomi’s Sujimoto Property construction firm have a solid track record as pioneers of smart buildings in Africa.
That the Enugu state government has taking steps to sanction Olasijibomi Ogundele clearly shows that Governor Mbah has no incestuous relationship with the young man and that his engagement was purely based on the belief that he can deliver on the job.
Away from these few cases amongst many others, Governor Mbah in making strategic appointments in Enugu state has demonstrated the oneness of Nigeria, where the principles of inclusion, equity and justice reigns supreme.
The Managing Director of Enugu state Broadcasting Service is Ladi Akeredolu-Ale, a veteran broadcaster from Ondo state, while the man helping Governor Peter Mbah to drive his vision for available, accessible and affordable healthcare is Dr Yomi Jaye, his Special Adviser on Health Matters.
To boost the IGR of the state, Governor Mbah hired Adenike Okebu as his Senior Special Assistant on Revenue. While Alh Abubakar Yusuf Sambo serves as the governor’s Senior Special Assistant on Special Duties, the Commander of Enugu Forest Guard is Olamitisoji Akinbamilayo, a retired Deputy Commissioner of Police who served in the Enugu state Command.
The retired DCP was in charge of operations when Governor Mbah directed the full implementation of the ban on sit-at-home and other violent activities by miscreants. For his meritorious service to the state, DCP Akinbamilayo was retained by the state as part of its security management team.
Peter Mbah’s Enugu state is the Nigeria of our dreams. And when the Igbo people of Nigeria are accused wrongly, they should point in the direction of Peter Mbah’s Enugu State.
Like I have consistently maintained, Nigerians are essentially one people and the various ethnic groupings are simply members of the same family that are living in different parts of the family compound.
A movement from one part of the family compound to another should not render a member of the family an outsider inside his/her family compound.
This is called citizenship. And as citizens of Nigeria, we should be free to reside in any part of the federation without the dichotomy of ‘’indigene and settler’’ wherein one’s ethnicity can enhance or diminish access to state provision and protection.
The fundamental condition preceding national development and security of any sovereign entity is the social cohesion, national integration and unity of the constituent peoples. Now we know why Peter Mbah’s Enugu State is working progressively.
*Dahiru is an Abuja-based public affairs analyst
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